As artificial intelligence becomes both more useful and more widespread, workers everywhere are becoming anxious about how a new age of automation might affect their career prospects.

人工智能越來越有益處，并且廣泛應用，各地的人們開始擔心，自動化的新時代會如何影響自己的職業(yè)前景。

A recent study by Pew Research found that in 10 advanced and emerging economies, most workers expect computers will do much of the work currently done by humans within 50 years. Workers are clearly anxious about the effects on the job market of artificial intelligence and automation.

皮尤研究(Pew Research)近的一項研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在10個發(fā)達和新興經(jīng)濟體中，大部分從業(yè)者預計，目前很多由人類完成的工作，將在50年內(nèi)被計算機取代。人們普遍對人工智能和自動化給就業(yè)市場帶來的影響感到擔憂。

Estimates about how much of the workforce could be automated vary from about 9%to 47%. The consultancy McKinsey estimates up to 800 million workers globally could be displaced by robotic automation by 2030. Some jobs will change dramatically, while others will disappear altogether.

關(guān)于多少崗位會被自動化取代，預計的情況各不相同，從大約9%到47%不等。咨詢公司麥肯錫(McKinsey)預計，到2030年，全球會有多達8億的工作崗位被機器人代替。一些崗位會發(fā)生重大改變，而另一些職位將會徹底消失。

So if automation makes the job market a little like a game of musical chairs, is there a way to make sure you're still employed when the music stops? Can education help you robot-proof your career?

如果自動化讓就業(yè)市場變得像一場搶椅子游戲，有沒有辦法能夠確保人們在職業(yè)生涯中保住飯碗?教育能否防止自己被機器人取代?

Future-proofing your career is less about picking a safe job and more about constantly updating your skills throughout your career, according to Northeastern University president Joseph Aoun, who wrote Robot-Proof: Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.

美國的東北大學(Northeastern University)校長、《防范機器人：人工智能時代的高等教育》(Robot-Proof:Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence)的作者奧恩(Joseph Aoun)介紹：要防止工作被機器人取代，就要在職業(yè)中不斷更新自己的技能，而不是選擇一份安穩(wěn)的工作。

He says education needs to change dramatically if workers are to adapt to this new environment. His solution, which he calls humanics, has three basic pillars:

他說，人們要適應這種新環(huán)境，教育必須改革。他給出了人類主導學說(humanics)的解決方案，有三個基本方面：

Technical ability: understanding how machines function and how to interact with them. As both artificial intelligence and robotics become ever more capable, machines will step into roles once monopolised by humans. Some employees won't last, but others will find themselves working with machines, and probably being vastly more productive as a result. Workers with a grounding in coding and engineering principles will be better placed to thrive in this new kind of workplace.

提高技術(shù)能力：了解機器的運轉(zhuǎn)原理，知道如何與機器互動。隨著人工智能和機器人變得愈發(fā)強大，機器將進入人類所有工作中。一些員工要被機器取代，另一些員工要與機器合作，并且效率會因此大大。有編程和工程原理基礎(chǔ)技能的人們更容易在這種新的工作中取得成功。

Data discipline: navigating the sea of information that's generated by these machines. Workers will need data literacy to read, analyse and use the almost bottomless troves of information that are increasingly guiding everything from major business decisions to stock picks to purchasing decisions.

掌握數(shù)據(jù)運用：在這些機器生成的數(shù)據(jù)里工作。人們需要具備數(shù)據(jù)知識，才能看懂、分析和利用龐大的信息庫。這些數(shù)據(jù)逐漸開始指導一切，不管是重大商業(yè)決策、投資股票，還是日常采購。

And the human discipline: "which is what we humans can do that machines for the foreseeable future, cannot emulate.”Aoun says this includes creativity, cultural agility, empathy and the ability to take information from one context and apply it to another. In educational terms, this means less emphasis on the classroom and a greater emphasis on experiential learning.

增強人類特有優(yōu)勢：只有人類能夠做到，未來機器也無法模仿的事情。奧恩說，這也就是人類的創(chuàng)造力、靈活性和同理心，以及在一種情景下獲取信息，并將其運用到另一情景中去的能力。就教育而言，課堂傳授知識性的教育不再那么重要，更重要的是體驗式學習。

自動化和人工智能不僅會影響技能水平較低的勞動者，連法律和會計等行業(yè)也會受到影響

The World Economic Forum suggests many white-collar jobs, like accounting, will be at risk from future automation, while the OECD says low-skilled jobs will be most vulnerable and there'll still be a strong correlation between education and income. Either way, skills are becoming outdated faster than ever before.

經(jīng)濟論壇(World Economic Forum)稱，類似會計等很多白領(lǐng)工作，將在未來面臨自動化取代的風險，但經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織(OECD)則認為，低技能工作更容易受到影響，并且教育與收入密切相關(guān)。無論如何，技能更新?lián)Q代的速度在當今比以往時候都快。

“A generation ago, the half-life of a skill was about 26 years,and that was the model for a career.Today, it's four and half years and dropping, ”says Indranil Roy, the head of the Future of Work Centre of Excellence, set up by global consultancy Deloitte.

跨國咨詢公司德勤(Deloitte)創(chuàng)立的未來工作卓越(Future of Work Centre of Excellence)負責人羅伊(Indranil Roy)說：“上個年代，一項技能大概能持續(xù)26年，也是一項事業(yè)的循環(huán)模式。如今變成了4年半，并且還在不斷縮短。”

Aoun says the rapid pace of change isn't necessarily a negative, but it does mean you'll probably never outgrow homework. It also means universities will need to shift their focus towards lifelong education and training mid-career workers.

奧恩表示，變化速度快不一定是壞事，但這意味著你可能永遠都要學習。同時，大學必須把轉(zhuǎn)向終身教育和對職業(yè)中期員工的培訓上。

“We're constantly becoming obsolete. And in some ways that's an enormous opportunity for us all to re-educate ourselves and update ourselves. Those that are able to do it will be able to flourish,”he says.

他說：“我們會經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)自己落后了。某種程度上來說，這也是一個巨大的機會，可以接受再教育，更新自己的知識技能。只有做到不斷學習的人才能夠取得成功?！?/span>

Aoun worries that the tertiary education system currently isn't equipped for this new reality. He says many universities are far too focused on four-year undergraduate courses and academic research.

奧恩擔心，目前的高等教育制度不適合這個新的現(xiàn)實。他說，很多大學太過重視四年本科課程和學術(shù)研究。

Equally important to helping students graduate, he says, is helping students master“the human discipline”. The solution is a much greater emphasis on real-world experience. That might mean taking a job or a long-term internship while studying. In addition to career experience, this gives students the life-skills to negotiate and interact with colleagues.

他說，幫助學生掌握“人類主導學說”和幫助學生畢業(yè)同等重要。解決辦法是：著重強調(diào)對現(xiàn)實社會所需的技能。這需要一邊上學一邊工作或長期實習。除工作經(jīng)驗外，還要讓學生掌握與同事溝通和互動所需的實際技能。

“It also allows you to see opportunities and see gaps, and this is where you can say‘I’m going to start a company or a not-for-profit’, ”he says.

“這還能夠讓你有更多的機會和空間說：‘我要創(chuàng)辦一家公司或一個非營利機構(gòu)?！?/span>

Roy agrees that less-tangible life skills are becoming more important to many employers. He says some of Deloitte's“more progressive”clients use artificial intelligence for skills like analytics, freelancers for deep technical skills and only fully employ people with“l(fā)ife skills”and values that align closely with the organisation. But he points out those are skills that mostly come from outside a university environment.

羅伊也認為，對很多員工來說，無形的生活技能正變得更加重要。他說，德勤一些“更先進”的客戶使用的分析類技能來自人工智能，高端的技術(shù)技能來自自由職業(yè)者，公司只雇傭具備“生活技能”且價值觀與公司一致的全職人員。但他指出，這些技能大部分來自大學之外的學習。

McKinsey suggests that by 2030, the workforce will spend 55% more time using technical skills than in 2016. The World Economic Forum, meanwhile, foresees a net gain in employment from automation, with some jobs killed off but more created.

麥肯錫稱，到2030年，人們使用技術(shù)技能的時間將比2016年增加55%。與此同時，經(jīng)濟論壇預測，來自自動化的就業(yè)會出現(xiàn)增長，一些崗位會消失，也會有更多新增崗位。

Roy says that probably means a workplace in which robots work alongside humans–for example, he says some of Deloitte's clients have AI systems that attend and participate in meetings.

羅伊說，這說明機器人在勞動力大軍中與人類并肩協(xié)作。比如，德勤的部分客戶已經(jīng)有了出席和參與會議的人工智能系統(tǒng)。

Aoun agrees that it's important to understand our changing our relationship with machines in the workplace, and to adapt education accordingly.

奧恩也認為，了解職場上人類與機器人之間不斷變化的關(guān)系，并對教育做出相應的調(diào)整很重要。

“In the same way that once we have self-driving cars, clearly teaching driving will be transformed. So technology is going to make certain fields obsolete, but it's not going to make humans obsolete,”he says.

他說：“這與有了自動駕駛汽車，就要換一種方式教人開車是一個道理。所以說技術(shù)會淘汰某些領(lǐng)域，但不會淘汰人類?！?/span>

Perhaps above all, Aoun says humans need to focus on skills that are harder for artificial intelligence to replicate. Specifically, that means taking knowledge from one context or discipline and applying it to another. Humanics itself is about combining three separate disciplines.

更重要的是，人類必須把放在人工智能難以效仿的能力上。具體來說，是獲取一種情景或?qū)W科的知識，并將其應用到另一種情景中。人類主導學說就是將這三個方面結(jié)合起來。

“We humans are creative, innovative, entrepreneurial. We are able to interact with other people, work with them, be empathetic. We are able to be culturally agile, work with people with different backgrounds. We are able to be global,”he said.

“我們?nèi)祟愑袆?chuàng)造能力、創(chuàng)新能力和創(chuàng)業(yè)精神。我們能夠與他人互動、合作，有同理心。能夠在文化上保持靈活性，能與全球不同背景的人合作?！?/span>

Roy says universities, particularly in the US, Canada and Australia, are increasingly focusing on interdisciplinary studies. However, tertiary institutions in other countries are still a little more traditional in their approach.

羅伊說，在大學，尤其是美國、加拿大和澳大利亞的大學，越來越重視跨學科教育。但是，其他的高等教育在方式上仍然比較傳統(tǒng)。

Technology is constantly upending our expectations, with change the only certainty. Roy says he is“surprised every day”at the barriers machines are breaking.

科技不斷顛覆我們的預期，變化是可以確定的事。機器打破的障礙“每天都讓他感到驚訝”。

So perhaps it's not enough to help workers survive a musical chairs-style job market. Maybe they also need to survive in one where all the chairs are constantly moving.

所以說，只幫助人們在搶椅子游戲這樣的就業(yè)市場中生存下來是不夠的。人們可能還需要在一個所有椅子都在不斷移動的就業(yè)市場中生存下來。